Small-molecule activation of p53 blocks hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vivo and leads to tumor cell apoptosis in normoxia and hypoxia.

The p53 tumor suppressor protein negatively regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Here, we show that induction of p53 by the small-molecule RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) [2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl-2-thienyl) furan] (NSC-652287) inhibits HIF-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vivo and induces significant tumor cell apoptosis ...
in normoxia and hypoxia in p53-positive cells. RITA has been proposed to stabilize p53 by inhibiting the p53-HDM2 interaction. However, induction of p53 alone was insufficient to block HIF-1alpha induced in hypoxia and has previously been shown to require additional stimuli, such as DNA damage. Here, we identify a new mechanism of action for RITA: RITA activates a DNA damage response, resulting in phosphorylation of p53 and gammaH2AX in vivo. Unlike other DNA damage response-inducing agents, RITA treatment of cells induced a p53-dependent increase in phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, requiring PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase activity, and led to the subsequent downregulation of HIF-1alpha and p53 target proteins, including HDM2 and p21. Through the identification of a new mechanism of action for RITA, our study uncovers a novel link between the DNA damage response-p53 pathway and the protein translational machinery.
Mesh Terms:
Apoptosis, Cell Hypoxia, Cell Line, Tumor, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, Furans, Histones, Humans, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, Phosphorylation, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
Mol. Cell. Biol.
Date: Apr. 01, 2009
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