Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction.
The recognition of microbial pathogens by the innate immune system involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Different TLRs recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns, with TLR-4 mediating the response to lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria. All TLRs have a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is responsible for signal transduction. ... MyD88 is one such protein that contains a TIR domain. It acts as an adapter, being involved in TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 signalling; however, our understanding of how TLR-4 signals is incomplete. Here we describe a protein, Mal (MyD88-adapter-like), which joins MyD88 as a cytoplasmic TIR-domain-containing protein in the human genome. Mal activates NF-kappaB, Jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2. Mal can form homodimers and can also form heterodimers with MyD88. Activation of NF-kappaB by Mal requires IRAK-2, but not IRAK, whereas MyD88 requires both IRAKs. Mal associates with IRAK-2 by means of its TIR domain. A dominant negative form of Mal inhibits NF-kappaB, which is activated by TLR-4 or lipopolysaccharide, but it does not inhibit NF-kappaB activation by IL-1RI or IL-18R. Mal associates with TLR-4. Mal is therefore an adapter in TLR-4 signal transduction.
Mesh Terms:
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, Carrier Proteins, Cell Line, Drosophila Proteins, Humans, Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases, Lipopolysaccharides, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88, NF-kappa B, Protein Kinases, RNA, Messenger, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Toll-Like Receptor 9, Toll-Like Receptors, Transfection, Xenopus, Xenopus Proteins
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, Carrier Proteins, Cell Line, Drosophila Proteins, Humans, Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases, Lipopolysaccharides, Membrane Glycoproteins, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88, NF-kappa B, Protein Kinases, RNA, Messenger, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Toll-Like Receptor 9, Toll-Like Receptors, Transfection, Xenopus, Xenopus Proteins
Nature
Date: Sep. 06, 2001
PubMed ID: 11544529
View in: Pubmed Google Scholar
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