Angiotensin II-inducible platelet-derived growth factor-D transcription requires specific Ser/Thr residues in the second zinc finger region of Sp1.
Sp1, the first identified and cloned transcription factor, regulates gene expression via multiple mechanisms including direct protein-DNA interactions, protein-protein interactions, chromatin remodeling, and maintenance of methylation-free CpG islands. Sp1 is itself regulated at different levels, for example, by glycosylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation by kinases such as the atypical protein kinase ... C-zeta. Although Sp1 controls the basal and inducible regulation of many genes, the posttranslational processes regulating its function and their relevance to pathology are not well understood. Here we have used a variety of approaches to identify 3 amino acids (Thr668, Ser670, and Thr681) in the zinc finger domain of Sp1 that are modified by PKC-zeta and have generated novel anti-peptide antibodies recognizing the PKC-zeta-phosphorylated form of Sp1. Angiotensin II, which activates PKC-zeta phosphorylation (at Thr410) via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, stimulates Sp1 phosphorylation and increases Sp1 binding to the platelet-derived growth factor-D promoter. All 3 residues in Sp1 (Thr668, Ser670, and Thr681) are required for Sp1-dependent platelet-derived growth factor-D activation in response to angiotensin II. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that phosphorylated Sp1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic plaques and is dynamically expressed together with platelet-derived growth factor-D in smooth muscle cells of the injured rat carotid artery wall. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms controlling the PKC-zeta-phospho-Sp1 axis and angiotensin II-inducible gene expression.
Mesh Terms:
Angiotensin II, Animals, Antibodies, Balloon Dilation, Carotid Artery Diseases, Cells, Cultured, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Lymphokines, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, Mutagenesis, Phosphorylation, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Kinase C, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Serine, Sp1 Transcription Factor, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Threonine, Transcription, Genetic, Vasoconstrictor Agents, Zinc Fingers
Angiotensin II, Animals, Antibodies, Balloon Dilation, Carotid Artery Diseases, Cells, Cultured, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Lymphokines, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, Mutagenesis, Phosphorylation, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Kinase C, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Serine, Sp1 Transcription Factor, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Threonine, Transcription, Genetic, Vasoconstrictor Agents, Zinc Fingers
Circ. Res.
Date: Feb. 29, 2008
PubMed ID: 18258854
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