The CK1?/?-AES axis regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in colorectal cancer.
Background: Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) has been identified as a tumor and metastasis suppressor in some cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC), but very little is known about the regulation of AES expression. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the expression patterns of AES, CK1? and CK1?. The co-immunoprecipitation, ... GST pull-down, Western Blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to study the mechanism underlying the regulation of AES expression by CK1?/?. The biological function was assessed by in vitro colony formation, transwell, sphere formation, tumor organoids, in vivo tumor metastasis model and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX) model. Results: A strong inverse relationship was observed between the expression of AES and the expression of CK1?/?. Mechanically, AES could interact with CK1?/? and SKP2 using its Q domain. SKP2 mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of AES in a CK1?/?-dependent manner. CK1?/? phosphorylated AES at Ser121 and accelerated the SKP2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AES. In colon cancer cells, CK1?/? antagonized the effect of wild-type AES but not that of its mutant (S121A) on Wnt and Notch signaling, leading to an increase in the expression of Wnt target genes and Notch target genes. By downregulating the expression of AES, CK1?/? enhanced anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion and sphere formation in colon cancer cells. CK1?/? also promoted the growth of APCmin/+ colorectal tumor organoids and liver metastasis in colon cancer mouse models through the regulation of AES degradation. Furthermore, CK1 inhibitor SR3029 treatment suppressed tumor growth via stabilizing AES in APCmin/+ colorectal tumor organoids and patient-derived colorectal tumor xenografts (PDTX). Conclusions: Our results revealed that the CK1?/?-AES axis is important for CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis, and targeted inhibition of this axis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRC.
Mesh Terms:
Carcinogenesis, Casein Kinase Idelta, Casein Kinase Iepsilon, Cell Line, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement, Cell Proliferation, Co-Repressor Proteins, Colorectal Neoplasms, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, HCT116 Cells, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Organoids, Phosphorylation, Ubiquitination, Wnt Signaling Pathway
Carcinogenesis, Casein Kinase Idelta, Casein Kinase Iepsilon, Cell Line, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement, Cell Proliferation, Co-Repressor Proteins, Colorectal Neoplasms, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, HCT116 Cells, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Organoids, Phosphorylation, Ubiquitination, Wnt Signaling Pathway
Theranostics
Date: Mar. 24, 2021
PubMed ID: 33754069
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